The Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) was established in 2003, when it started fighting for national reform and regime change under Omar al-Bashir. ![]() Kordofan)’, Armed Conflict Database ‘Q&A: Sudan's Darfur Conflict’, BBC News, 23 February 2010. Since then, fighting between Sudan and a number of armed groups, in particular the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army–Abdel Wahid (SLM/A–AW), has been constant in Darfur. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), ‘Sudan (Darfur, Blue Nile and S. ![]() Notably, the rebel groups accused the Government of Sudan of oppressing and discriminating against non-Arab groups in the region. In Darfur, fighting broke out in 2003, when a number of non-state armed groups took up arms against the government in order to obtain greater autonomy. ![]() For further information, see ‘Non-international armed conflict – Intensity of violence’ in our Classification section. Various indicative factors are used to assess whether a given situation has met the required intensity threshold, such as the number, duration and intensity of individual confrontations the types of weapons and military equipment used the number of persons and types of forces participating in the fighting the number of casualties the extent of material destruction the number of civilians fleeing and the involvement of the United Nations Security Council.
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